Essential Words for the TOEFL

[*زهره*]

destroy ​

v. to put an end to the existence of something
adj. destructive
adv. destructively
n. destructiveness
n. destruction
n. destroyer
Syn. ruin
​

The factory was destroyed by the fire.
The destruction of the old landmark was opposed by a concerned group of citizens.​

 

[*زهره*]

disperse ​

v. to cause to move in many different directions
​

adj. dispersed
Syn. circulate​

The high winds and rain dispersed the crowd.
After the hurricane, dispersed belongings cluttered the street.
The clouds dispersed as quickly as they had gathered.​

After school the children dispersed to their homes.
The wind dispersed the clouds.
Police used tear gas to disperse the crowd.
Groups of police were dispersed all along the street where the heads of state were to pass.
our regiment was dispersed by the enemy attack.
they dispersed the news throughout the state.
the sun kept dispersing morning mists.
the crowd dispersed at the first shot.
the tourists left the bus and dispersed themselves in various hotels.​

 

[*زهره*]

dwelling​

n. where people live
n. dweller (a person or animal that lives in a particular place)
v. dwell (lit or old use to live (in a place))
Syn. house
​

Cave-like dwellings have been discovered throughout the world.
City dwellers often have trouble adjusting to life in the country.
Welcome to my humble dwelling!
his permanent dwelling is in Kashan.
City dwellers suffer higher pollution levels.
city/town/cave etc dweller.
They dwelt in the middle of the forest.
to dwell in a forest/on an island.
​

 

[*زهره*]

element ​

n. one part or feature of a whole system, plan, piece of work etc, especially one that is basic or important
n. element* *environment
adj. elemental
Syn. component
​

City dwellers are out of their element in the country.
Hard work and perseverance are the basic elements of success.
Honesty is a vital element of her success.
the primary element in the country's economy
Besides ability, the other essential element in political success is luck.​

 

[*زهره*]

elementary ​

adj. simple in structure, easy to do
Syn. primary (relating to the education of children between five and eleven years old)
​

The solution to the problem was actually quite elementary.
You must take Elementary Physics before you can enroll in the advanced course.
The question/answer is elementary.
You've made a very elementary mistake.
the elementary principles of each science.
"it's elementary, dear Watson!"​

Many people know and use Sherlock Holmes’s phrase “Elementary, my dear Watson” when someone asks them a question that seems difficult except to them.​

 

[*زهره*]

eliminate ​

v. to remove, free or get rid oneself of something
n. elimination
adj. eliminated
Syn. delete
​

Mistakes must be eliminated before you hand in a term paper.
The elimination of the runner from the race was decided by the judge.
Their elimination from the competition in the first round was a great surprise.​

The police realized, by a process of elimination (=by eliminating each possibility in turn until only one was left), that the husband must have been the murderer.
Can we ever eliminate hunger from the world?
Our team was eliminated (from the competition) in the first round.
The police have eliminated all the other suspects (=shown that they are not guilty), so only one now remains.​

This new process has eliminated the need for checking the products by hand.
The credit card eliminates the need for cash or cheques.
The teacher should try to eliminate the possibility that the child has a hearing defect.
Fatty foods should be eliminated from the diet.​

 

[*زهره*]

emphasize ​

v. to show that something is especially important or exceptional, to say something in a strong way
adj. emphatic (expressing an opinion, idea etc in a clear, strong way to show its importance)
n. emphasis
adv. emphatically
Syn. highlight
​

The professor emphasized certain aspects of the historical period.
When asked if they would like to leave class early, the students answered with an
emphatic "yes".
The dress emphasized the shape of her body.
The Prime Minister emphasized that there are no plans to raise taxes.
The report emphasizes the importance of improving safety standards.
Logan made a speech emphasizing the need for more volunteers.
he emphasized that I should take you too.
fairness must be emphasized too.
She answered with an emphatic “No.”
an emphatic refusal.
an emphatic victory.​

an emphatic denial.
Wilde was emphatic that the event should go ahead.
he gave an emphatic order not to let anyone in.
He was pretty emphatic about me leaving.
an emphatic defeat. ​

he emphatically demanded an immediate examination of the files.​

He thumped the table with his hand to emphasize what he was saying.
I’d like to emphasize (=to make this point very clearly) that we are ready to meet the management at any time.​

 

[*زهره*]

encircle ​

v. to make a circle around, to surround someone or something completely
adj. encircled
​

n. encirclement
Syn. surround​

The players encircled their coach after winning the big game.
The encircled celebrity actually became afraid of her fans.
The island was encircled by a dusty road.
Rebel forces had encircled the airport.
He encircled her in his arms.
The house was encircled by/with trees.
enemy forces encircled the town.
now, the enemy's encirclement was complete.​

 

[*زهره*]

erratic ​

adj. no regular pattern in thinking or movement;
changeable without reason; not regular in movement or behavior,
something that is erratic does not follow any pattern or plan but happens in a way that is not regular
​

adv. erratically
Syn. inconsistent​

The artist's paintings have an erratic qualify, some being excellent, and others
mediocre.
The unstable chemical reacted erratically.
She’s a very erratic tennis player. (=sometimes good, sometimes bad)
He made erratic movements with his hands.
His breathing was becoming erratic.
She found it hard to cope with his erratic behaviour.
He always drives erratically.
an erratic comet.
this morning the cotton market was erratic.
the erratic course of the river.
an erratic man.​

 

[*زهره*]

exaggerate ​

v. to make something more than what it is
to say or believe more than the truth about (something); make (something) seem larger, better, worse, etc., than it really is:
adj. exaggerated
n. exaggeration
Syn. overstate
​

The federal government exaggerated the success of its programs.
To say that his business is successful would be an exaggeration.
The machine is very useful, but he’s exaggerating when he calls it the greatest​

invention ever made!
The seriousness of the situation has been much exaggerated in the press.
He has an exaggerated idea of his own importance.
I couldn't sleep for three days - I'm not exaggerating.
it's easy/difficult/impossible to exaggerate something
It's difficult to exaggerate the importance of sleep.
she exaggerated her own daughter's virtues.
don't exaggerate! ​

their propaganda machine exaggerates everything grossly.
the striped dress exaggerates her shortness.
To call it a mountain would be an exaggeration; it’s more of a hill.
I can say without exaggeration that she’s the most useful person in the company.
It would be an exaggeration to say that we were close friends.
It is no exaggeration to say that everyone will be affected by the new policy.
The situation can be described, without exaggeration, as disastrous.
That sounds like a slight exaggeration.​

 

[*زهره*]

mention ​

v. to say; relate in written form
to tell about (something) in a few words, without giving details
adj. mentioned
n. mention
Syn. remark
​

Theater-goers often mention that they enjoy watching movies on a large screen.
The book mentioned today was included in the bibliography that was handed out in
class last week.
We’d expected him to discuss the new proposals in his speech, but he hardly even mentioned them.
She mentioned that she’d seen the movie, but she didn’t tell us anything about it.​

 

[*زهره*]

pier ​

n. a place where boats arrive to take on or unload cargo and passengers
​

a similar structure at which boats can stop to take in or land their passengers or FREIGHT (=goods), usu. larger than a JETTY​

Syn. dock​

The submarine arrived at the pier on time.
The goods were unloaded onto the pier.​

 

[*زهره*]

prevalent ​

adj. existing widely or commonly
n. prevalence
Syn. commonplace
​

Comfortable trade winds are prevalent in the Caribbean islands.
There is a prevalence of disease where poor sanitation conditions exist.
Eye diseases are prevalent in some tropical countries.
Solvent abuse is especially prevalent among younger teenagers.
the prevalent belief in astrology.
the beliefs prevalent among these tribes.
illiteracy is still prevalent in this area.
malaria used to be prevalent in Gillan.
the prevalence of deafness in older age groups.​

 

[*زهره*]

release ​

n. release

1
▶LET SOMEBODY GO◀
to let someone go free, after having kept them somewhere
ￚsee also free, discharge

Police arrested several men, who were later released.
The bears are eventually released into the wild.
release somebody from something
He was released from the hospital yesterday.

2
▶MAKE PUBLIC◀
to let news or official information be known and printed
ￚsynonym publish

The new trade figures have just been released.
The release of the records was expected today.

3
▶FILM/RECORD◀
to make a CD, video, film etc available for people to buy or see
A version of the game for Mac computers will be released in February.
A new movie was just released.
​

 

[*زهره*]

Essential Words for the TOEFL- Lesson 11-quiz 1

لطفا تا باز شدن آزمون صبور باشید
​

 

[*زهره*]

Essential Words for the TOEFL- Lesson 11-quiz 2

لطفا تا باز شدن آزمون صبور باشید
​

 

[*زهره*]

[h=2][/h]

Essential Words for the TOEFL- Lesson 11-quiz 3

لطفا تا باز شدن آزمون صبور باشید
​

 

[*زهره*]

Lesson 12




​

benefit ​

v. to be useful or helpful
adv. beneficially
adj. beneficial
n. benefit
n. beneficiary
Syn. assist
Use of solar power will benefit all mankind.
It is extremely beneficial to prepare for a test.
​

 

[*زهره*]

blind ​

adj. unable to see or understand, to conceal;showing poor judgment or understanding, without thought, judgment, or reason.
adv. blindly
n. blindness
Syn. unaware
​

They were blind to the fact that they had little chance to succeed.
He went into the job blindly, with no previous experience.
International companies are all too often blind to local needs.
He was totally blind to the faults of his children.
She screamed at him, her eyes blind with tears.
They seem to be blind to the possible consequences of this policy.
He is blind to her faults.
blind haste/anger.
in a blind panic.
blind faith/loyalty.​

 

[*زهره*]

broaden ​

v. to make larger or greater, to increase something such as your knowledge,
​

experience, or range of activities​

adv. broadly
adj. broad
n. breadth ( the fact or quality of including many things, ideas or people; wide​

range; SCOPE)
Syn. enlarge​

Education will broaden your opportunities to land a good job.
The breadth of his knowledge is impressive.
The river broadens (out) at this point.
Travel broadens the mind.
His parents hoped the course would broaden his horizons.
travel broadens one's horizons.
The course helps school-leavers broaden their knowledge of the world of work.
I'd like to work abroad to broaden my horizons (=learn, experience, or attempt new​

things) .​

Travel broadens the mind (=helps you to understand and accept other people's beliefs,​

customs etc) .
they are broadening the road.
we want to broaden the base of the company's activities.
education and foreign travel broadened his views.
His book shows the great breadth of his learning.
It is important to remember the breadth of their support in the country.
the breadth of his knowledge surprised everybody.​

The job wasn't giving him the breadth of experience he wanted.
His breadth of knowledge was amazing.
a politician known for his breadth of vision.
We need to provide more breadth in the college curriculum.​

 

[*زهره*]

burgeon ​

v. grow at a fast pace,to grow or develop quickly,
adj. burgeoning
Syn. thrive
​

The burgeoning population of major cities is creating a demand for more services.
His talent as a pianist burgeoned at the age of 14.
the burgeoning market for digital cameras.
the burgeoning home computer industry.
the country's home industries burgeoned.
the burgeoning of Kashan during the past centuries.​

 

[*زهره*]

conspicuously ​

adv. attracting attention
adj. conspicuous (noticeable; attracting attention; easily seen)
Syn. noticeably
—opposite inconspicuous
​

His name was conspicuously absent from the list of winners.
The attorneys were conspicuous for their aggressive manner in the courtroom.
a conspicuous high-rise office building.
He was conspicuous for his bravery.
You were conspicuous by your absence yesterday. (=people noticed you were not present)
The notice must be displayed in a conspicuous place.
a bird with conspicuous white markings.
I felt very conspicuous in my red coat.​

a conspicuous billboard.
conspicuous bravery.
conspicuous folly.
every time he gives money to a begger he tries to be conspicuous.
be conspicuous by one's absence.
women are conspicuous by their absence in politics.​

 

[*زهره*]

demand ​

v. to ask for something in a strong way
adv. demandingly
adj. demanding
n. demand
Syn. insist
​

She demanded to know the truth.
The employees' demands for better working conditions caused the work stoppage.
Angry demonstrators demanded the resignation of two senior officials.
I demand to know what's going on.
They demanded that the military government free all political prisoners.
It seemed that no matter what she did, more was demanded of her.
'Where are you going?' she demanded angrily.
There’s not much demand for houses like this.
These developments have created a great demand for home computers.
Her books are in great demand at the moment.​

 

[*زهره*]

endorse ​

v. to express approval or support of (opinions, actions, a person, etc.), to write
​

something, esp. one’s name, on the back of (esp. a check)
n. endorsement
Syn. support​

The union endorsed the new contract.
The president's endorsement of the project guaranteed its funding.
The committee’s report fully endorses the mayor’s proposals.
When the former President endorsed her candidacy, she knew she had a good chance of​

being elected.
If you get any more endorsements you won’t be allowed to drive.
The Prime Minister is unlikely to endorse this view.
he officially endorsed the labour party candidate.
celebrity endorsements.
the official endorsement of his candidacy.
before you cash a check you have to endorse it.​

 

[*زهره*]

enormous ​

​

adj. very large
adv. enormously
n. enormity (the great size, seriousness, or difficulty of a situation, problem, event etc)
​

Syn. Tremendous, huge​

His enormous wealth allows him to contribute to many charities.
A diet with many fruits and vegetables is enormously beneficial to the body.
an enormous bunch of flowers.
an enormous house/meal/amount of money.
The team made an enormous effort.
the enormous size of the Pacific Ocean.
he has an enormous nose. ​

enormous costs.
an enormous crime against humanity.
Even now, the full enormity of his crimes has not been exposed.
the enormity of the task.
If I’d known the enormity of the task before I took it on, I wouldn’t have attempted it.
In his interview, he discussed the enormity of the agency's task.
The enormity of our country's economic problems is overwhelming.​

 

[*زهره*]

entirely ​

adv. completely
adj. entire
n. entirety (including every part, completeness; wholeness)
Syn. Thoroughly
​

They are entirely right about the economy.
in its/their entirety
The president released the speech in its entirety before the news conference.
The film has been shown in its entirety for the first time.
He bought the collection in its entirety. (=all of it)
to view a problem in its entirety.​

 

[*زهره*]

erode ​

v. to wear away, disappear slowly,
if the weather erodes rock or soil, or if rock or soil erodes, its surface is gradually destroyed, to gradually reduce something such as someone's power or confidence
n. erosion
Syn. deteriorate
​

The senator's support is eroding because of his unpopular positions on the
issues.
It took millions of years of erosion for nature to form the Grand Canyon.
The coast is slowly eroding (away).
The sea erodes the rocks.
(fig.) Jealousy is eroding our friendship.
acid erodes metal.
cancer had eroded the bone.
The cliffs are being constantly eroded by heavy seas.
The rocks have gradually eroded away.
Our personal freedom is being gradually eroded away.
Repeated exam failure had eroded her confidence.
the soil around the river has been completely eroded
friction erodes the moving parts of machinery
recent scandals have eroded the people's confidence in that company.​

the gradual erosion of our civil liberties.
the problem of soil erosion.
the erosion of the coastline.
Soil erosion by rain and wind is a serious problem here.
the slow erosion of royal power.
the erosion of the leader's credibility.​

 

[*زهره*]

evaporate ​

v. to vanish, if a liquid evaporates, or if heat evaporates it, it changes into a gas,
if a feeling evaporates, it slowly disappears.
n. evaporation
Syn. disappear
​

The chances of the two sides reaching an agreement have evaporated.
The evaporation of the funds was unexplainable.
The rainwater in the street soon evaporated in the warm sunshine.
Hopes of reaching an agreement are beginning to evaporate. (=disappear)
Most of the water had evaporated.
The sun evaporates moisture on the leaves.
Hopes of achieving peace are beginning to evaporate.
His courage had evaporated away.
sea water evaporates.
boiling water evaporates faster.
when I saw my father, all my fears evaporated.​

 

[*زهره*]

recover ​

v. to get back; to have something returned
adj. recovered
adj. recoverable
n. recovery
Syn. retrieve
​

The NASA team was unable to recover the space capsule.
The recovered objects had not been damaged.
The police recovered the stolen jewelry.
She recovered consciousness soon after the accident.
The company hopes to recover the cost of developing this product within about two years.
They are still trying to recover bodies from the wrecked building. (=find them and get them out)​

 

[*زهره*]

reportedly ​

adv. to know by report; unconfirmed; supposedly,according to what is said,according to
​

what some people say
adj. reported
v. report
n. report
Syn. Rumored​

The students reportedly sent a representative, but she has not arrived yet.
The reported tornado has not been confirmed.
He is reportedly not intending to return to this country.
Her husband's assets are reportedly worth over $15 million.
he is reportedly going to resign.​