It is a large
evergreen coniferous tree growing to 35-55
m (115–180 ft) tall and with a trunk diameter of up to 1-1.5 m. The shoots are orange-brown and glabrous (hairless). The
leaves are needle-like, 12–24 mm long, quadrangular in cross-section (not flattened), and dark green on all four sides with inconspicuous
stomatal lines. The
cones are 9–17 cm long (the longest of any spruce), and have bluntly to sharply triangular-pointed scale tips. They are green or reddish, maturing brown 5–7 months after pollination. The
seeds are black, 4–5 mm long, with a pale brown 15 mm wing.[SUP]
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[2][/SUP][SUP]
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The tallest measured Norway Spruce, 63 m (207 ft) tall, is in
Perucica Virgin Forest,
Sutjeska National Park,
Bosnia-Herzegovina.
Populations in southeast Europe tend to have on average longer cones with more pointed scales; these are sometimes distinguished as
Picea abiesvar.
acuminata (Beck) Dallim. & A.B.Jacks., but there is extensive overlap in variation with trees from other parts of the range.[SUP]
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Some botanists treat
Siberian Spruce as a subspecies of Norway Spruce, though in their typical forms, they are very distinct, the Siberian Spruce having cones only 5–10 cm long, with smoothly rounded scales, and pubescent (hairy) shoots.[SUP]
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Genetically Norway and Siberian Spruces have turned out to be extremely similar and may be considered as two closely related
subspecies of
P. abies.[SUP]
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Another spruce with smoothly rounded cone scales and hairy shoots occurs rarely in the central Alps in eastern
Switzerland. It is also distinct in having thicker, blue-green leaves. Many texts treat this as a variant of Norway Spruce, but it is as distinct as many other spruces, and appears to be more closely related to Siberian Spruce,
Schrenk's Spruce (
P. schrenkiana) from central
Asia and
Morinda Spruce(
P. smithiana) in the
Himalaya. Treated as a distinct species, it takes the name
Alpine Spruce (
Picea alpestris (Brügger) Stein). As with Siberian Spruce, it hybridises extensively with Norway Spruce; pure specimens are rare. Hybrids are commonly known as Norwegian Spruce, which should not be confused with the pure species Norway Spruce.[SUP]
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[edit]Range
Norway Spruce grows throughout
Europe from
Norway in the northwest and
Poland eastward, and also in the
mountains of central Europe, southwest to the western end of the
Alps, and southeast in the
Carpathians and
Balkans to the extreme north of
Greece. The northern limit is in the
arctic, just north of 70°N in Norway. Its eastern limit in
Russia is hard to define, due to extensive
hybridisationand intergradation with the
Siberian Spruce (
Picea obovata,
syn. P. abies subsp.
obovata), but is usually given as the
Ural Mountains. However, trees showing some Siberian Spruce characters extend as far west as much of northern
Finland, with a few records in northeast Norway. The hybrid is known as
Picea × fennica (or
P. abies subsp. ×
fennica, if the two
taxa are considered
subspecies), and can be distinguished by a tendency towards having hairy shoots and cones with smoothly rounded scales.[SUP]
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[3][/SUP] In North America, Norway Spruce is widely planted, specifically in the northeastern, Pacific Coast, and Rocky Mountain states, as well as in southeastern Canada. There are naturalized populations occurring from Connecticut to Michigan, and it is probable that they occur elsewhere.[SUP]
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[edit]Uses and ecology
The Norway Spruce is one of the most widely planted spruces, both in and outside of its native range, and one of the most economically important coniferous species in Europe.[SUP]
[7][/SUP] It is used in
forestry for
timber and
paper production, and as an ornamental tree in
parks and
gardens. It is esteemed as a source of
tonewood[SUP]
[8][/SUP] It is also widely planted for use as a
Christmas tree. Every Christmas, the Norwegian capital city,
Oslo, provides the cities of
New York,
London (the
Trafalgar Square Christmas tree),
Edinburgh and
Washington D.C. with a Norway Spruce, which is placed at the most central square of each city. This is mainly a sign of gratitude for the aid these countries gave during
the Second World War.
It is naturalised in some parts of
North America, though not so extensively as to be considered an invasive
weed tree. It can grow fast when young, up to 1 m per year for the first 25 years under good conditions, but becomes slower once over around 20 m tall.[SUP]
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The Norway Spruce tolerates acidic soils well, but does not do well on dry or deficient soils. From 1928 until the 1960s it was planted on surface mine spoils in Indiana.[SUP]
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[edit]Cultivars
Several
cultivars have been selected for garden use; they are occasionally traded under the obsolete
scientific name Picea excelsa (an
Illegitimate name). The following cultivars have gained the
Royal Horticultural Society's
Award of Garden Merit:-
- 'Little gem'[SUP][10][/SUP]
- 'Nidiformis'[SUP][11][/SUP]
[edit]Insects
See also List of Lepidoptera that feed on sprucesNorway Spruce cone scales are used as food by the
caterpillars of the
tortrix moth Cydia illutana, while
C. duplicana feeds on the bark around injuries or
canker.
[edit]World's "oldest clone"
A press release from
Umeå University says that a Norway Spruce clone named
Old Tjikko, carbon dated as 9,550 years old, is the "oldest living tree."[SUP]
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However,
Pando, a stand of 47,000
Quaking Aspen clones, is estimated to be between 80,000 and one million years old.[SUP]
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The stress is on the difference between the singular "oldest tree" and the multiple "oldest trees", and between "oldest clone" and "oldest non-clone". The oldest known individual tree (that has not taken advantage of
vegetative cloning) is
Methuselah, a Great Basin
Bristlecone Pine.
[edit]Chemistry
p-Hydroxybenzoic acid glucoside,
picein,
piceatannol and its glucoside,
isorhapontin,
catechin and
ferulic acid are phenolic compounds found in mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal roots of Norway spruces.[SUP]
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Piceol[SUP]
[17][/SUP] and
astringin[SUP]
[18][/SUP] are also found in
P. abies.
منبع:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picea_abies