شناسایی Moths

[afsoon6282]

Angle Shades Phlogophora meticulosa

Angle Shades Phlogophora meticulosa

Angle Shades Phlogophora meticulosa

The gorgeous Angle Shades looks like a Hawk Moth very much, but it is 'just' an Owlet Moth. The indented wings, the green and pink accents (even though these may be gone in older animals) and the way it often sits quite openly and visibly makes this one of the most seen moths. It is unmistakable. And quite a big species too, for the wingspan varies from 45 to 52mm.

The caterpillar of Angle Shades may be seen all year round. It is active in winter as well, especially on mild days. It is very keen on all kinds of cultivated plants and flowers and is regularly found in gardenplants, even those placed on small balconies. It pupates in a cocoon in the ground. In some gardens and on balconies, when ground is not available, it might pupate in cracks in walls or soft mortar in walls. The caterpillar is extremely variable and might be green, yellow or brown. The head is always green with brownish markings. There is an often vague, light dorsal line and an undefined broad whitish band runs over the spiraculae. The larvae will eat almost anything. Leaves from trees, such as oak, birch and beech, shrubs, such as Bramble and Hazel and many lower plants, such as Common Nettle, Valerian etc, including many cultivars. Very common everywhere, including small and large gardens, parks, balcony plants, garden centers and so on. The caterpillar reaches a length of 38 to 45mm.

Angle Shades is seen from May to October chiefly, but individuals are seen in other months as well, including the winter months, especially during mild winters. Our own animals are joined by migrants from southern parts of Europe. It is believed part of the animals migrate back to Southern Europe in autumn. The moth is attracted by light, sugar and flowers, including garden cultivars. Angle Shades is often seen in daylight resting on posts, fences, walls, tree trunks and vegetation. It only flies by night and is not inclined to be scared when resting. Thus it is easily photographed and may even be handled by the photographer. This makes this one of the best moth mannequins around. In most of Britain and Ireland this is a very common species indeed. In Northern parts of Scotland and the Hebrides it is scarcer though. In other parts of Europe this is a very common species as well, often even abundantly present.

​

 

[afsoon6282]

Angle Shades Phlogophora meticulosa

Angle Shades Phlogophora meticulosa

Angle Shades Phlogophora meticulosa

The gorgeous Angle Shades looks like a Hawk Moth very much, but it is 'just' an Owlet Moth. The indented wings, the green and pink accents (even though these may be gone in older animals) and the way it often sits quite openly and visibly makes this one of the most seen moths. It is unmistakable. And quite a big species too, for the wingspan varies from 45 to 52mm.

The caterpillar of Angle Shades may be seen all year round. It is active in winter as well, especially on mild days. It is very keen on all kinds of cultivated plants and flowers and is regularly found in gardenplants, even those placed on small balconies. It pupates in a cocoon in the ground. In some gardens and on balconies, when ground is not available, it might pupate in cracks in walls or soft mortar in walls. The caterpillar is extremely variable and might be green, yellow or brown. The head is always green with brownish markings. There is an often vague, light dorsal line and an undefined broad whitish band runs over the spiraculae. The larvae will eat almost anything. Leaves from trees, such as oak, birch and beech, shrubs, such as Bramble and Hazel and many lower plants, such as Common Nettle, Valerian etc, including many cultivars. Very common everywhere, including small and large gardens, parks, balcony plants, garden centers and so on. The caterpillar reaches a length of 38 to 45mm.

Angle Shades is seen from May to October chiefly, but individuals are seen in other months as well, including the winter months, especially during mild winters. Our own animals are joined by migrants from southern parts of Europe. It is believed part of the animals migrate back to Southern Europe in autumn. The moth is attracted by light, sugar and flowers, including garden cultivars. Angle Shades is often seen in daylight resting on posts, fences, walls, tree trunks and vegetation. It only flies by night and is not inclined to be scared when resting. Thus it is easily photographed and may even be handled by the photographer. This makes this one of the best moth mannequins around. In most of Britain and Ireland this is a very common species indeed. In Northern parts of Scotland and the Hebrides it is scarcer though. In other parts of Europe this is a very common species as well, often even abundantly present.

​

 

[afsoon6282]

Dun-bar Cosmia trapezina

Dun-bar Cosmia trapezina

Dun-bar Cosmia trapezina

The Dun-bar is a very variable moth. The basic colouring is brownish, reddish brown, greyish or greyish brown or ochreous. In the middle of the wing is a broad dark band and in it a very striking black dot. Usually it is a species easily identified by all or two of the following characteristics. The black dot, which is visible even in worn out animals, the upper line of the band which runs very stright from one side to the other side of the wing and the small, black markings near the lower edge of the wing. Every now and then however specimens appear which are quite hard to identify. The species is variable in size as well, for the wing span varies from 28 to almost 40mm.

The eggs of the Dun-bar are being laid by the end of summer. They are deposited in small groups, which are covered by scales from the female's own body. They only hatch in April of next year. The caterpillars are not only extremely kannibalistic, they will also eat the caterpillars of other moths, given the chance. Carter and Hargreaves report that they are especially hunting for the larvae of the Winter Moth. In June the caterpillars are fully grown and drop to the ground. Here they make a light cocoon between leaflitter or just below the surface. They pupate here, which may take less than 4 weeks. The caterpillar is green with characteristic black dots surrounded by a white circle. There are yellow rings between the segments. There are some lines, including a white yellowish broad dorsal line. The head is brightly green. The larvae are active during the day and during the night. It reaches a length of some 28mm and is seen on numerous trees and shrubs, including birch, oak, hawthorn and sallow.

The Dun-bar is on the wing for quite a long time: from June to October, but most animals fly in July and the beginning of August. They are easily attracted to both sugar and light. In forests they may be seen in twilight visiting ragwort. By day it is found resting on trees. Also rests on walls, posts and fences near outside lamps. A very common species over most of Europe, including the north. A common species all over the British Isles, except for Orkney and Northern Scotland where it is a local species only.

​

 

[afsoon6282]

Lunar-spotted Pinion Cosmia pyralina

Lunar-spotted Pinion Cosmia pyralina

Lunar-spotted Pinion Cosmia pyralina

The striking, white spot, shaped like a half moon near the tip of the wing gave the The Lunar-spotted Pinion its name. Often the groundcolour is also a very good characteristic. The wing is warm brown, often with a pinkish glow. In pictures this glow is generally invisible, especially when flash or other artificial lights were used. Another feature of this Pinion is the extensive light patch on the outer edge of the wing. The other Pinions (the White-spotted Pinion and the Lesser-spotted Pinion) are quite similar, but the lines in their wings are whitish and not blackish and the small white spots are not shaped like they were half moons. Some specimens of the highly variable Dun-bar are similar to the Lunar-spotted Pinion too, but the first always lacks the half moon-shaped white spots. So usually you won't have much trouble identifying this species in the field. The wingspan varies from 29 to 34mm, meaning this is quite a small Noctuid.

The Lunar-spotted Pinion deposits her eggs on the foodplant in summer. They don't hatch before April of the next year, though. The caterpillars feed both by day and by night. By the end of May or the beginning of June a cocoon is woven among leaf litter on the ground. Pupation takes place within the cocoon. It takes this species only three to four weeks to pupate. The caterpillar itself is rather short and fat. It is light green, often even yellowish green. There is a yellow, slightly indenting dorsal line. Below it is another, thinner white line. Above the spiracula, which are white, runs another balder whitish line. Furthermore each segment has a few smaller or larger whitish markings, usually circular. The caterpillar will eventually reach a length of 26 to 30mm. It is being seen on various deciduous trees, but prefers elm. It is possible this species will eat other caterpillars should it encounter them. All caterpillars of Cosmia species have a tendency towards cannibalism, even if there is plenty of food at hand. So far however it has only been proven Dun-bar caterpillars eat other caterpillars and even actively hunt them down.

The Lunar-spotted Pinion is single brooded and is on the wing in June and July mainly. It usually flies by night only, but is seen in dusk visiting flowers in gardens from time to time. In gardens it does not just visit flowers, but is also keen on the honeydew produced by Aphids. Is readily attracted to light and sugar. Animals caught during the night can be photographed with ease the next day. Most however refuse to be manipulated. The species is found in light forests, roughs, parks and gardens. Not uncommon in southern Britain. The northern border of its territory runs through Lancashire. The species is also not uncommon on the continent, without being really abundant anywhere.

​

 

[afsoon6282]

Lunar-spotted Pinion Cosmia pyralina

Lunar-spotted Pinion Cosmia pyralina

Lunar-spotted Pinion Cosmia pyralina

The striking, white spot, shaped like a half moon near the tip of the wing gave the The Lunar-spotted Pinion its name. Often the groundcolour is also a very good characteristic. The wing is warm brown, often with a pinkish glow. In pictures this glow is generally invisible, especially when flash or other artificial lights were used. Another feature of this Pinion is the extensive light patch on the outer edge of the wing. The other Pinions (the White-spotted Pinion and the Lesser-spotted Pinion) are quite similar, but the lines in their wings are whitish and not blackish and the small white spots are not shaped like they were half moons. Some specimens of the highly variable Dun-bar are similar to the Lunar-spotted Pinion too, but the first always lacks the half moon-shaped white spots. So usually you won't have much trouble identifying this species in the field. The wingspan varies from 29 to 34mm, meaning this is quite a small Noctuid.

The Lunar-spotted Pinion deposits her eggs on the foodplant in summer. They don't hatch before April of the next year, though. The caterpillars feed both by day and by night. By the end of May or the beginning of June a cocoon is woven among leaf litter on the ground. Pupation takes place within the cocoon. It takes this species only three to four weeks to pupate. The caterpillar itself is rather short and fat. It is light green, often even yellowish green. There is a yellow, slightly indenting dorsal line. Below it is another, thinner white line. Above the spiracula, which are white, runs another balder whitish line. Furthermore each segment has a few smaller or larger whitish markings, usually circular. The caterpillar will eventually reach a length of 26 to 30mm. It is being seen on various deciduous trees, but prefers elm. It is possible this species will eat other caterpillars should it encounter them. All caterpillars of Cosmia species have a tendency towards cannibalism, even if there is plenty of food at hand. So far however it has only been proven Dun-bar caterpillars eat other caterpillars and even actively hunt them down.

The Lunar-spotted Pinion is single brooded and is on the wing in June and July mainly. It usually flies by night only, but is seen in dusk visiting flowers in gardens from time to time. In gardens it does not just visit flowers, but is also keen on the honeydew produced by Aphids. Is readily attracted to light and sugar. Animals caught during the night can be photographed with ease the next day. Most however refuse to be manipulated. The species is found in light forests, roughs, parks and gardens. Not uncommon in southern Britain. The northern border of its territory runs through Lancashire. The species is also not uncommon on the continent, without being really abundant anywhere.

​

 

[afsoon6282]

Clouded-bordered Brindle Apamea crenata

Clouded-bordered Brindle Apamea crenata

Clouded-bordered Brindle Apamea crenata

In Dutch the Clouded-bordered Brindle is called the Variable Brindle. And the moth really deserves that name. Actually there are two main appearances: a light form and a dark form. The light forms are whitish and have dark yellowish or brownish smears and markings. Look for two brown wedges near the edge of the wing, sometimes with a small brown band, as these are characteristic of the Cloud-bordered Brindle in its standard light appearance. The dark forms (forma combusta) are reddish brown entirely. The kidney mark and the oval are outlined, but the inside usually has the same colour as does the rest of the wing. In these dark forms the shoulder stands out, because they are black usually. So far we have had only one in our garden, which turned out to belong to the dark coloured Clouded-bordered Brindles. The wingspan varies from 36 to 44mm.

The eggs of the Clouded-bordered Brindle hatch in August and the caterpillars start to feed during daytime on the seeds of grasses. They grow slowly though. When the seeds are gone, they move to leaves of grasses, on which they feed by night only. They do not hibernate really, for they are seen feeding on mild winterdays. By the end of March or the beginning of April the caterpillar moves down to the ground and digs a chamber among the roots of the foodplant in which it pupates. Fresh adult moths appear after some ten weeks. The larva is greyish, sometimes with a hint of pink and has a narrow and pale dorsal line. The head is dark brown, the pinacula are black, but very small. Under them runs a very thin line and under the line the caterpillar is of a lighter colour. Just under the pinacula in the lighter area are two small black dots. The larvae feed on Cock's Foot mainly, but are found on other grasses as well and on other plants occasionally. The caterpillars will reach a length of some 36mm.

The Clouded-Bordered Brindle is on the wing from the end of May to the end of June, sometimes seen in July, but in small numbers only. It actively visits garden flowers in dusk. Is also attracted to light. This species is not confined to just one habitat and is widespread all through the British Isles. Widespread and often common on the continent as well.

​

 

[afsoon6282]

Dark Arches Apamea monoglypha

Dark Arches Apamea monoglypha

Dark Arches Apamea monoglypha

Dark Arches is quite a big species among the arches. The wingspan may be up to 55 mm. Usually light brown to grey brown, but melanism occurs, producing very dark animals. Usually quite unmistakable by the big W-shaped marking near the tip of the wing, even in very dark animals.

The eggs are being deposited in summer and hatch within a fortnight. Young small caterpillars feed on flowers or seeds of the host plant. Later they move downwards and eat the roots and the stem of the hostplant. Only feeding at night, they hide in a hollow among roots during the day. They even overwinter in this hollow and don't pupate till May or June next year. Pupation takes a relatively short period of time, for after 3 to 5 weeks the adult moths appear. Fullgrown larvae of the Dark Arches are thick, rather ugly caterpillars. They are whitish brown, rather glassy with a lot of shiny black spots. They look like the caterpillars of other Apamea species, but are bigger, reaching a length of some 45 mm. Full grown larvae live near the roots and stems of various grasses, such as cock's foot, even in cities.

Dark Arches is on the wing early in dusk and is then seen feeding on garden plants, such as valerian and buddleia. Readily comes to sugar and light as well. Rests during the day in low vegetation, on tree trunks, fences and poles. A very common species all over Britain and commonly seen in parks and gardens. On the wing from May to October, but great numbers only appear in June and July. Animals seen in August and September in Southern Britain are probably the result of a very small second generation. Common species all over the continent as well.

​

 

[afsoon6282]

Common Rustic Mesapamea secalis

Common Rustic Mesapamea secalis

Common Rustic Mesapamea secalis

Attention, please! In Central and Western Europe, including Britain, the genus Mesapamea is comprised of two, extremely similar species. They are the Common Rustic and the Lesser Common Rustic. With a few small exceptions these species have to be examined under the microscope in order to be able to tell which is which with certainty. Microscopical examination did not take place here. Because of size, behavior, colouring and the fact the Common Rustic is the common species in this part of the country, it is assumed this is the Common Rustic, but it is not a foregone conclusion.

The Common Rustic is an extremely small Owlet Moth. It is very variable too and being brownish or purplish red it is extremely similar to other small moths. It is especially similar to Endotricha flammealis, a Pyralid Moth. And the two species share another peculiar hobby: both are seen feeding during daytime quite often. The two Rustics stand apart from all the other minute Owlet Moths by the rounded tip of the wings. In all other species the tip is more pointed. The wingspan of the Common Rustic usually is between 29 and 36mm. The Lesser Common Rustic is slightly smaller, but there is a lot of overlap.

The eggs, which have been laid in summer, hatch in September. The caterpillar lives inside the stem of the foodplant. It is seldom seen. If you want to see it, try at night when the caterpillar does sometimes go from one hostplant to another. The caterpillar also overwinters within the stem of a plant. After overwintering it will spin a loose cocoon near or just below the ground. Pupation takes about a month. The caterpillar is light green with pinkish or purplish markings on the side. These may be vague, or even absent. The head is lightbrown. The larva grows to a length of 22 to 26mm. The foodplants known are grasses, especially Cock's Foot, Tall Fescue and Tufted Hair-grass. The Common Rustic sometimes is a pest in cereal crops.

Even though the Common Rustic is single-brooded it is on the wing for a long time. It flies about from mid-May to mid-September. Regularly visits flowers, including those in gardens, in broad daylight. When it is visiting flowers it behaves peacefully and is an easy going photographer's model. Is attracted to both light and sugar. Animals caught then are very difficult to photograph, for they are extremely impatient. A common and widespread species all over the British Isles, except for the hills and highlands of Scotland, where it is absent. Very common on the continent as well.

​

 

[afsoon6282]

Middle-barred Minor Oligia fasciuncula

Middle-barred Minor Oligia fasciuncula

Middle-barred Minor Oligia fasciuncula


In Britain no less than six species of Minors do fly about. All are widespread and quite common. The sad thing is, that all Minors are very variable and some species are even extremely varying. The Middle-barred Minor usually is among the more easy to identify. The basic coulour is yellowish, reddish or pinkish brown. Most other Minors are greyish brown. Unfortunately one variation of the Middle-barred Minor is greyish brown as well... The best way of identifying it is by looking at the bar after which the species is named. The bar is in the middle of the wing indeed and above it and below it are usually light patches. Of the other Minors the Cloaked Minor sometimes is very similar to the Middle-barred Minor, but it always has a (faint) thin line running across at the middle of the wing. The two species are however rarely seen together, for the Middle-barred Minor stops flying when the Cloaked Minor appears. Experts tell the two species apart by looking at their shape. The Cloaked Minor is more slender. The Middle-bar Minor regularly flies by day and even feeds by day. The Cloaked Minor flies before dusk, especially the males, but is never seen feeding during daytime. Reaching a wingspan of some 22 to 26mm the Middle-barred Minor is a very small Owlet Moth indeed.

The eggs are being laid in summer. In August the first caterpillars appear. They hide in the foodplant by day and feed during the night only. The half-grown larva overwinters. From April onwards the larvae are fullgrown. They hide between debris and spin a cocoon just above the ground to pupate in. Pupation takes about a month. The caterpillar of the Middle-barred Minor is white ochreous with a number of thin light brown lines running all over the body. The dorsal line is white and rather broad. The larva is speckled with small black dots. The head is of the same colour as the body with markings in the color of the body lines. The caterpillar reaches a length of 19 to 23mm. The foodplants are a number of grasses, but Tufted Hair-grass is favoured.

The Middle-barred Minor is on the wing for a short span of time. The first are seen by the end of May and usually by the end of June it is all over. However spare individuals are seen flying about until mid-August. It is not always sure these actually are Middle-barred Minors. Some Cloaked Minors are regularly mistaken for Middle-barred Minors. They frequently fly by day and are seen visiting flowers to feed. When eating the wings are kept like a triangle. This makes the moth very similar to Endotricha flammealis and some other daytime Pyralids. When feeding in daylight the moths can be approached easily and it is easy to take their picture. Animals caught during the night will remain motionless for a long time, but shouldn't be touched. The Middle-barred Minor is attracted to light and sugar in very small numbers only. This is a very common species in most of the continent, including all of Britain and Ireland.

​

 

[afsoon6282]

Straw Dot Rivula sericealis

Straw Dot Rivula sericealis

Straw Dot Rivula sericealis


This very small Owlet Moth is unmistakable and often flies by day. Most striking about it are the two huge kidney markings, which appear to be black. Close inspection however reveals they are actually deep purple with a black center. When resting it assumes a posture not unlike the concorde's. The head is held very high and always points downwards. Darker animals such as the one depicted in the pictures in the middle are very rare. The only similar species is a Pyralid Moth: the Garden Pebble (Evergestis forficalis). It has the tips of the wings more pointed, a black line or smear in the point of the wings and it is considerably bigger, reaching a wingspan of 27 to 32mm. The Straw Dot reaches a wingspan of no more than 25mm.

In Southern England the Straw Dot flies in two generations. The larvae of the second generation appear from August onwards. They feed, but do not grow very quickly. They go into hibernation when still very small. The larvae feed by night and hide among the stems of the food plants during the day. When it is time to pupate, the caterpillars spin a cocoon, which they attach to the stems of the foodplant. It is placed closed to the ground. Pupation takes place inside the cocoon and lasts, varying with the temperature three to four weeks. The caterpillars are easily identified. They are of a harsh, rather dark green colour. A thin dark green dorsal line is accompanied on both sides by a rather broad, white and slightly curled subdorsal line. There is a striking yellow patch on the back of the 8th segment. The animal is hairy. The hairs are very thin, quite long and not very numerous. The larvae reach a length of some 15 to 20mm. They feed on various grasses, including the well known Purple Moor-grass.

The Straw Dot flies in two generations in the south of England. There it is seen from the end of May to the end of September. In other parts of Britain there is one generation each year, on the wing in June and July. It flies during the day in small numbers and is also seen visiting flowers in broad daylight. Is very easily disturbed from its resting place. Comes to light in small numbers, but is not responsive towards sugar. Rather difficult to take pictures of, for it is restless and easily disturbed. However when found resting during the day on a solid background, such as a wall, tree trunk or fence, it usually doesn't give you any trouble, as long as you don't touch it. Widespread and very common all over Britain, except for the eastern parts of Northern England and Scotland where it is uncommon. Elsewhere in Northern Britain it is common, including the Hebrides. Very common on the continent as well. Has three generations in Holland and Belgium and possibly four in the Mediterranean. There are some indications this might be a migrating species.

​

 

[afsoon6282]

Large Wainscot Rhizedra lutosa

Large Wainscot Rhizedra lutosa

Large Wainscot Rhizedra lutosa


The Large Wainscot belongs to a group of whitish to brownish moths having little markings. The wings often seem covered in black dust. The Large Wainscot is the largest species by far. When it comes to size however it is extremely variable and very small specimens do fly about. These may present you with a problem as they are similar to other Wainscots. You are safe by thinking that all Wainscots having wings with a length of 19mm or more are Large Wainscots. This leaves us with animals having a wing length of 16 to 18mm. The most similar species is Blair's Wainscot. It however is always smaller and may be eliminated easily. The Fen Wainscot is very similar too, but it doesn't show as much black dust as the Large Wainscot does. The wingspan of the Large Wainscot varies enormously between 36 and 52mm!

The eggs are being laid late in summer and in autumn, but they overwinter before hatching in spring. It is stated that newly hatched caterpillars eat from the shoots of the food plant before going inside the stem. Here they eat their way downwards to complete their development in the roots of the plant. Because of this very hidden life, not all details are known about the caterpillar's behaviour. Infested plants however suffer enormously. Usually their leaves turn white first, then become yellow and die. In June the caterpillars leave the root and burry themselves into the soil close to the roots. Here they pupate. The pupal stage lasts about 4 to 8 weeks depending on temperature. Like most larvae living inside of plants, fruits or wood the caterpillar of the Large Wainscot is whitish brown and the skin is almost transparent. Some internal organs may be seen through the skin. The spiracula are relatively large and black. The caterpillar reaches a length of 35 to 44mm only, but is rather fat and plump. The only known food plant is common reed.

The Large Wainscot is on the wing in August and September mainly. The last animals are seen by half October. They fly early in the evening at first, often when it isn't completely dark yet. Then they are regularly seen on sugar. After midnight they fly again to be attracted to light. Males are inclined to stay near the food plant, females are vagrant and may be encountered far away from reed. Animals caught at night are very good photographer's models by day and can be handled easily. The Large Wainscot may live in Common Reed only, it doesn't live in swamps and other very wet areas, for the roots must always be above water. It is most seen in reed away from water and in comparetively dry circumstances. Because of this it is a widespread, but local species all over the British Isles and Ireland. Even though it is known from the Hebrides and Orkney it becomes rarer and even more local going northwards into Scotland. On the continent it is a rather local species as well.

​

 

[afsoon6282]

Rosy Marbled Elaphria venustula

Rosy Marbled Elaphria venustula

Rosy Marbled Elaphria venustula

Many moth loving humans have been fooled by the Rosy Marbled. It is extremely small and has the markings of a Tortrix Moth. Many open their books in the Tortrix section and are unable to find the Rosy Marbled. Usually you need an expert pointing out to you this is a very small Owlet. Once you know that, the rest is easy: the Rosy Marbled is unmistakable. When resting the wings are held upwards a bit. The basic colour is pinkish white. The pink is hardly visible in pictures. In worn out animals it is also gone partly or entirely. The wingspan is just some 19 to 23mm.

In June the eggs are deposited one by one on the underside of leaves of the foodplant. The caterpillars appear soon after and feed in July and August. By the end of August the caterpillars disappear underground where pupation takes place. The pupa overwinters. In May or June next year the first fresh moths appear. The caterpillar of the Rosy Marbled is dark reddish brown, even though freshly moulded animals are lighter at first. There is a thin, often faint orange dorsal line. The front tapers towards the head. This is caused by the segments 2 to 5 which are swollen. The head is greyish green with black markings. The caterpillars grow to a length of 14 to 17mm. The main foodplant probably is Tormentil, but the larvae are found on bramble, broom and cinquefoil as well.

The Rosy Marbled flies about from early dusk. It may be seen during the day, when disturbed resting. Females may be caught by netting them in dusk, for they are not attracted to light. Males come to light readily. This species is on the wing for a short period of time only. The first appear by mid-May and the last are seen by the end of June. A widespread but often local species in South and Southeast England only.

​

 

[afsoon6282]

Marbled White Spot Protodeltote pygarga

Marbled White Spot Protodeltote pygarga

Marbled White Spot Protodeltote pygarga

The Marbled White Spot is a small moth, belonging to the Owlet Moths. It doesn't look like one, though. It hits the eye by means of the extensive white spot near the rear edges of the wing. This would make it unmistakable. But alas, there is one other species with this characteristic: the Pretty Marbled. This is a very rare immigrant to Britain. You may however see it when visiting the continent. Luckily there are a few striking differences between the two species. The Marbled White Spot is less well marked, its white spot is much smaller and does not run from one side of the wing to the other, as is the case in the Pretty Marbled. The shoulders of the Pretty Marbled have large white spots, which are absent in the case of the Marbled White Spot. The latter reaches a wingspan of some 24 to 31mm only.

The Marbled White Spot lays her eggs in June mainly. In July the first caterpillars appear. They usually feed by night only. During the day they often sit motionless on the leaves or stems of the foodplant. In October the larvae move to the ground and dig a little hole, just below the surface. In the hole they spin a cocoon and in it they pupate and then overwinter as a pupa. The caterpillar is easily identified. It is reddish brown with a broad, dark dorsal line, outlined by thin yellowish or whitish borders. There are a few other lines running from head to tail over the sides. The caterpillar lacks the first two pairs of prolegs. The head is light brown with a few small dark markings. The larva reaches a length of some 18 to 23mm. It feeds on various grasses, especially False-brome and Purple Moor-grass.

In Britain the Marbled White Spot is single-brooded and flies about from late May to the end of July. On the continent south and east of Britain it is often double-brooded, even though the second brood usually gets smaller going northwards. Where two generations appear in one year the species is on the wing from May to the beginning of October. Taking into consideration the present change in climate, a second brood could appear in southern parts of England in future. The Marbled White Spot flies by night only, but it is easily disturbed during the day. It rests on walls, fences, poles, tree trunks and in lower vegetation. It comes to sugar in low numbers, but is sometimes attracted to light in vast numbers. Its usual habitat are light forests and grazy heath. Rather common in Southern England and Northwest Wales. An uncommon and very local species in most other parts of England and Wales. Rare and very local in Ireland. Common on the continent, but not found in Northern Europe, including Scotland.

​

 

[afsoon6282]

Gold Spot Plusia festucae

Gold Spot Plusia festucae

Gold Spot Plusia festucae

The Gold Spot is a rather small, but extremely beautiful Noctuid. You may be thinking it probably is unique, but it isn't. It has a twin brother: Lempke's Gold Spot. Experts can tell you the difference immediately by looking at the shape of the wing. The Gold Spot has longer and smaller wings. There is another way though. Both species have a series of silver spots near the wing tip. The upper spot is a long line ending in a sharp angle in the Gold Spot, but the spot is shorter and ending bluntly in Lempke's Gold Spot. The Gold Spot has a variable wingspan, which ranges from 34 to 46 mm.

The second brood deposits its eggs in July and August. They hatch in September. The caterpillars don't grow much and overwinter while still being very small. After overwintering they grow much faster and pupate in April or May. For this purpose they spin a very strong cocoon which is attached to leaves. The caterpillar of the Gold Spot is green and relatively slim. There are six thin yellowish dorsal lines, even though all may not be visible at a given time. On the side runs a thick yellowish line. The head is green. There are no prolegs on segments 6 and 7. Foodplants are grasses, sedges, yellow iris and reet. The larvae reach a length of some 36 to 43 mm. The larvae of the Gold Spot and Lempke's Gold Spot are absolutely identical.

The Gold Spot is double-brooded in Southern Britain. The small first generation is on the wing in May and the beginning of June. The second generation is much more numerous and flies about in July and August. In Northern Britain there is one brood only, on the wing from June to August. Frequent visitor to gardens where it is seen sucking nectar from valerian, water-mint and Buddleija, usually by night, but quite often also during the day. Quite easy to photograph, but may take off unexpectedly. Comes to light in very small numbers only. This species prefers damp places and is common at such places all over Europe, including most of Britain.

​

 

[afsoon6282]

Golden Plusia Polychrysia moneta

Golden Plusia Polychrysia moneta

Golden Plusia Polychrysia moneta

The Golden Plusia is an unmistakable species: two large tufts of hair grow just in front of the wing. These are fan-shaped and do look like giant ears. There also is a very big silvry white kidneymark on the forewing. The markings are very constant, but the basic colours varies from yellowish brown, through goldbrown to rather darkbrown. The wingspan is some 38 to 44 mm.

The eggs are laid in August mainly. After hatching the larvae often live in a small group. This group spins a little web on the underside of a leaf. They spend the day together in this web and feed in the open by night. The small caterpillars of the Golden Plusia overwinter. In spring they live a solitary life and spend the night uncovered on the underside of a leaf. In April a cocoon is made, also on the underside of a leaf, in which pupation takes place. Fresh cocoons are white, older ones yellow. Late June the first moths appear. Sometimes in southern parts of England a second generation appears in September. The caterpillars of this generation can be found in July and August and grow extremely fast. Young larvae are green with small black spots. Full grown larvae are light green. They have a small white line running on the sides and a fine double white line on the back. The larvae are plump, but reaching some 33 to 38 mm not very long. They are very similar to those of some other Plusia species, such as the Burnished Brass and the Plain Golden Y. Larvae of the Golden Plusia can be found on a small number of garden plants exclusively: Larkspur, Trollius and Monkshood.

The Golden Plusia is on the wing from mid June to mid August, eventhough locally a partial second brood may appear in England in September. It flies by night only and is not really attracted to light or sugar. Best seen when visiting garden flowers. Widespread and fairly common all over Britain, but never appearing in very great numbers. Elsewhere in Europe this species is usually rather scarce as well, but flies in two generations south of Britain.

​

 

[afsoon6282]

Silver Y Autographa gamma

Silver Y Autographa gamma

Silver Y Autographa gamma

The Silver Y is among the best known moths. Identification is easy thanks to the silvry white Y on the front wing. The remainder of the front wings is brownish, the rear wings are grey at first, but become dark grey towards the end of the wings. There are a few look-a-likes, such as the Ni Moth. The Ni Moth however is smaller, more greyish than brownish, the shape of the white marking differs and it usually runs further up the wing. The Scarce Silver Y is also similar to the Silver Y, but it too is smaller and the white spot is interrupted, thus giving the impression of a question mark rather than a Y. The Es*** Y is also similar, but it's Y is well less marked and the hind wings are rather brownish and more unicoloured. In Northern parts of Britain you may encounter the Scarce Silver Y. Chances are extremely small you'll ever really see the Es*** Y and the Ni Moth, for both are rare visitors to Britain indeed. The Silver Y has another distinctive character: when it is not at rest it is flickering its wings constantly. Very variable in size. The wingspan may be only 30 mm, but can be well over 50 mm as well.

The eggs are laid from May onwards, usually individually on the underside of leaves. The development of this species is very dependable on weather conditions, especially the temperature. In warm summers it may take just 7 weeks for the next generation of adult moths to appear. The caterpillars may be found until the first night frost. That's something they can't survive. The basic colour of the larvae of the Silver Y is variable and runs from yellowish green to almost black. Usually a dark line runs over the back, bordered by two thin and curved whitish lines. A yellow line runs over the sides. Often the back shows small circles, which look like spiracula very much. The real legs are brownish and the head is greenish. The caterpillar has only three pair of prolegs, thus sometimes considered to be a Geometer by mistake. The larvae reach a length of some 30 to 40 mm. The caterpillars will eat almost any low growing plant, including many garden varieties. Sometimes becomes a plague on cabbage and peas. Pupation takes place in a silvry cocoon attached to the underside of a leaf.

An adult Silver Y rarely survives winters in Central and Northern Europe. It is a true migrant invading all of Europe in summer from Southern Europe. The first appear in May usually, the last are seen in October. In summer the number of animals rises sharply as migrants are accompanied by animals born over here. From August onwards the Silver Y may appear in very great numbers. Even though most animals are active during the night, many also appear in broad daylight. When visiting flowers they join the Admirals, Peacocks and Whites. Due to their brown colour, relatively small wings, plump body and rather nervous behaviour they are very striking indeed. At night it is attracted to both light and sugar. A very common species all over Europe, up to and including the Polar circle. Common all over Britain and in the south of England often seen abundantly.

This species is also known as the Silver Y Moth.

​

 

[afsoon6282]

Burnished Brass Diachrysia chrysitis

Burnished Brass Diachrysia chrysitis

Burnished Brass Diachrysia chrysitis

The Burnished Brass is a beautiful and unmistakable moth: it has two big brass like blobs on the wings. The colour of these metallic scales varies from yellow brass to greenish brass. The two blobs may be connected by a small band, but they may be completely separated as well. Two species are more or less similar. The Scarce Burnished Brass has just one blob of metallic scales, is larger and has a darker colour. It is a very local species, which you probably won't see outside Hampshire, Wiltshire, Berkshire and Southwest Wales. The Slender Burnished Brass is also similar, but it is a very rare immigrant from Southern Europe. The Burnished Brass has a wingspan of 34 to 44 mm.

The second generation of moths deposits the eggs in August mainly. The are attached separately on the underside of leaves and hatch after just one week. The caterpillars feed by night and hide during the day in leaves folded together. They don't grow very fast and when the leaves start to drop to the ground in autumn, they fall with them and spend winter between them. Depending on the weather they start feeding again in March or April. Burnished Brass pupates in a light brown cocoon attached to leaves. From May the first moths appear. They usually take care of a summer generation, flying about in July and August. The caterpillars look like those of Geometer Worms, for they have only three pair of abdominal legs. They are of a blueish green colour. On the back is a line up of white arrowshaped markings. The spiracula have a black border and are covered by a clear white line. The foodplants are various nettles, but this species is also reported from marjoram. It will reach a length of some 30 to 36 mm.

The Burnished Brass is on the wing from May to October in Southern Britain, where it is double brooded. In Northern Britain seen from June to August only. Sometimes flies during the day, even sucking nectar. Flies in dusk regularly and is seen visiting flowers from various plants, such as Buddleia, Valerian and thistles, including many garden flowers. Often seen in the vicinity of man and a very common species in parks and gardens. Comes to light in small numbers, usually after midnight. A very common species on the continent as well.

​

 

[afsoon6282]

Herald Scoliopteryx libatrix

Herald Scoliopteryx libatrix

Herald Scoliopteryx libatrix

The Herald is an unmistakable species: brownish with orange patches, clear thin white lines over the wings, white dots and a very indented edge of the wing. There are no similar species at all. The only variations are in shade and the extend of the orange patches. Male and female do not differ in markings at all, but the male has feathered antennae, whereas the female has ordinary wire-like antennae. Also the wingspan is not very variable, for it is always in the 44 to 48 mm range.

Except for a few places in the south of England, the Herald is single-brooded in Britain. But adults have a long life span and may live from July to June next year. The eggs are deposited separately or in very small groups from March to the end of June. Larvae appear from June to August. The caterpillars are silky and light green on top, the underside is whitish green. There is a dark dorsal line, but it is very thin and sometimes hardly visible. On the sides runs a greenish line with small black borders. The spiracula are very inconspicuous and a hardly visible whitish line may run over them. The head is rather big, round, green and has a black line running through the middle. The caterpillar of the Herald spins a rather big, white, silken cocoon to pupate in. It is usually attached to two leaves, often at the end of a thin twig. The foodplants are fast growing trees such as poplars and willows. The larvae are slender and long. The length may be anything up to 50 mm.

The Herald can be seen almost all year long, except for a break in June. This species overwinters being adult. It is often seen overwintering, for it likes to do so in tunnels, stables, sheds and cellars. It prefers rather damp places. Often overwinters in small groups. Flies by night, but is regularly seen in gardens sucking on ivy, overripe fruit or sugar. It's tongue is strong enough to break through the skin of ripe berries. Is not easily disturbed during the day and may even be handled by photographers. Quite common in England, Wales and Ireland, scarcer in Scotland, but locally present all the way to the Northern parts of Orkney. Also a rather common species in other parts of Europe, including most of Scandinavia.

​

 

[afsoon6282]

Herald Scoliopteryx libatrix

Herald Scoliopteryx libatrix

Herald Scoliopteryx libatrix

The Herald is an unmistakable species: brownish with orange patches, clear thin white lines over the wings, white dots and a very indented edge of the wing. There are no similar species at all. The only variations are in shade and the extend of the orange patches. Male and female do not differ in markings at all, but the male has feathered antennae, whereas the female has ordinary wire-like antennae. Also the wingspan is not very variable, for it is always in the 44 to 48 mm range.

Except for a few places in the south of England, the Herald is single-brooded in Britain. But adults have a long life span and may live from July to June next year. The eggs are deposited separately or in very small groups from March to the end of June. Larvae appear from June to August. The caterpillars are silky and light green on top, the underside is whitish green. There is a dark dorsal line, but it is very thin and sometimes hardly visible. On the sides runs a greenish line with small black borders. The spiracula are very inconspicuous and a hardly visible whitish line may run over them. The head is rather big, round, green and has a black line running through the middle. The caterpillar of the Herald spins a rather big, white, silken cocoon to pupate in. It is usually attached to two leaves, often at the end of a thin twig. The foodplants are fast growing trees such as poplars and willows. The larvae are slender and long. The length may be anything up to 50 mm.

The Herald can be seen almost all year long, except for a break in June. This species overwinters being adult. It is often seen overwintering, for it likes to do so in tunnels, stables, sheds and cellars. It prefers rather damp places. Often overwinters in small groups. Flies by night, but is regularly seen in gardens sucking on ivy, overripe fruit or sugar. It's tongue is strong enough to break through the skin of ripe berries. Is not easily disturbed during the day and may even be handled by photographers. Quite common in England, Wales and Ireland, scarcer in Scotland, but locally present all the way to the Northern parts of Orkney. Also a rather common species in other parts of Europe, including most of Scandinavia.


​

 

[afsoon6282]

Hoplodrina octogenaria, a Rustic

Hoplodrina octogenaria, a Rustic

Hoplodrina octogenaria, a Rustic

Hoplodrina octogenaria is a non-British species and the Brits may be content about that fact. This is one of the most awful Rustics to identify. Especially the Rustic is extremely similar. Hoplodrina octogenaria's ground colour is brownish or ochreous in males and ochreous to greyish brown in females. Females glisten, males don't. Most characteristic usually is the dark band running down from the kidney mark to the wing's lower edge. Other species, including the Rustic, do not have that band. Alas, quite a few darker females don't have it either in which case only examination under a microscope can solve the puzzle. On the continent you need some expert help when just beginning to name the various Rustics and allies. Hoplodrina octogenaria reaches a wingspan of some 29 to 37mm.

Hoplodrina octogenaria is depositing her eggs in summer. The larvae only feed by night and are well hidden in the foodplants during the day, often very close to the ground. They don't grow very fast. So, they pupate while still being caterpillar and continue their development in March and April of next year. Pupation takes place underground in a very firm cocoon. Quite a number of foodplants are known, all low growing plants, such as docks, stitchworts and primroses. The caterpillar is reddish brown. There is a faint light dorsal line. More striking is a dark zig zzag line connecting the spiraculae. The caterpillar is much lighter in colour below this line. There are warts on the body each producing one stiff little hair. Compared to the other Noctuid Caterpillars these hairs are long. Even compared to the hairs of some other Rustic caterpillars they are long. The shape of the caterpillar is quite plump, like most other Noctuid caterpillar's. The larvae grow to a length of 27 to 31mm.

Hoplodrina octogenaria is on the wing from the end of May to mid-August. This species flies by night only, but is attracted to light, sugar and flowering plants in the garden, such as Buddleia. Once caught it can be photographed easily the next day. If manipulated it may react strongly. A very common species on the continent, often appearing in great numbers. Not seen in Britain though.

​

 

[afsoon6282]

Treble Lines Charanyca trigrammica

Treble Lines Charanyca trigrammica

Treble Lines Charanyca trigrammica

Why this species was ever called Treble Lines probably remains a mystery forever. If you look carefully you will see four similar lines and not three. The fourth line is near the very top of the wing, but once you have seen it: it is there! Yet, even the Dutch call it the Treble Line Owlet, so we will give in here. In it's usual and typical form, like the one seen on this page, this species is unmistakable. There is a second form though, which is more difficult to identify at times. It is darker and the middle of the three lines has become very large or even developed into a vague dark smear. This way there appears to be a dark area between the first and the third line. Animals looking like that are similar to Double Line. However they lack the white spot in the wing so characteristic of the Double Line. The wingspan is some 33 to 40mm.

The caterpillar of the Treble Lines is quite long lived. It will hatch in June usually and stays close to the ground all his life. During the night low growing leaves are eaten, during the day it hides in the ground, just below the surface. It overwinters being an almost full grown larva, remaining active in mild winter nights. By the end of March or the beginning of April the caterpillar stays underground to pupate. Sometimes pupation takes less than a month. The foodplants are all low growing plants, such as Dandelion, Knotgrass and Common Knapweed. The caterpillar is of a variable kind of brown. There is a rather small light dorsal line with dark borders. The spiraculae are very dark and rather big. The head is brown. The caterpillars of Treble Lines grow to some 30 to 35mm.

This species is on the wing from mid-May to early July. Treble Lines flies by night only, but is regularly seen visiting flowers, including those in parks and gardens. During the day it hides in low growing vegetation, such as grass. Easily photographed and may be handled doing so. Is attracted to both light and sugar, usually not in great numbers though. It inhabits open woodlands, edges of woods, hedges and other places like that all over England, Ireland and Wales. Treble Lines is getting scarcer northwards though and is not reported from Scotland. A common species in most other parts of Europe too, except for Northern Europe.

​

 

[afsoon6282]

Snout Hypena proboscidalis

Snout Hypena proboscidalis

Snout Hypena proboscidalis


The Snout is just one of the many Fan-feet and Snouts. And all Fan-feet and Snouts are weird creatures, for they are rather small and don't look like Owlet Moths at all. The snout seems to suggest a Snout Moth. The broad wings, which are kept parallel seem to suggest one of the Geometer Moths, though. All Fan-feet and allies are rather similar. The easiest way of telling them apart is by looking at the lines in the wings, of which there are usually three. The Snout is a big exception to this rule, for it usually shows just two lines. The third line, the lowest, normally is either absent or is represented by a few dots and smears only. Of all Snouts and Fan-feet the Snout has the longest snout by far, hence its name. And the ends of this big snout are nicely curled also. The basic colour is brownish or greyish brownish. The wings end in small hooks pointing outwards. The wingspan is some 38 to 43mm. All these characterisctics mean the Snout is rather unmistakable. By the way the second generations is usually a lot darker and smaller (wingspan varies from 33 to 39mm).

The second generations deposits the eggs in August and September mainly. The caterpillars eat and then hibernate between a rolled up leaf of the foodplant. In early spring they become active again and complete their development. Pupation takes place in May mainly and maybe completed within three weeks. The pupa hangs freely between the leaves of the hostplant. The caterpillar of the Snout is green, long and quite slender. There often is a very vague dark dorsal line. More prominent is the white line across the very small black spiracula. The segments are separated by yellow bands. The head is green with black dots. The caterpillars usually grow to a length of 22 to 26mm. Only one foodplant is known: the Common Nettle.

In most of Britain the Snout has two broods. In the North it has one generation a year only. Where it is double-brooded it is on the wing from the end of May to the beginning of October. There are two clear peaks though: in June and August the numbers are greatest by far. The Snout flies by night only, but it starts flying early in dusk.By day it rests in lower vegetation or the host plant. But it is easily disturbed and flies away quickly. In the evenings often seen on flowers, even those in gardens. The moths are attracted to light and sugar as well. When caught to take pictures you may have a willing model, but you may also be presented with a very impatient animal. The Snout is very unpredictable in this respect. Common species all over Britain, including the Hebrides and Orkney. Very common on the continent as well.

​

 

[afsoon6282]

Buttoned Snout Hypena rostralis

Buttoned Snout Hypena rostralis

Buttoned Snout Hypena rostralis

The snouts are not among the easiest of Moths to tell apart. Luckily though the Buttoned Snout is an unmistakable species. It has very slender wings, which it keeps tight together on top, when resting. This makes it look much slimmer than other snouts. Which is a good thing, by the way, for this is a highly variable species. Some animals are neatly marked, but others are almost without markings and uniformly coloured. The wingspan is between 27 and 32mm.

The eggs are being deposited in spring in small groups on the leaves of the foodplant. They hatch after some three to five weeks, meaning most larvae are active in June and July. They feed by night and hide on the underside of a leaf during the day. The damage they do to the leaves of the foodplant is characteristic: very large holes in the middle of a leaf. From August pupation starts. A strong cocoon is attached to the underside of a leaf and inside the miracle happens: an plump caterpillar changes into a gracious moth. Pupation usually takes anything from two to six weeks. So the adults commence appearing from mid-August. They are on the wing to June next year, meaning the adults are the ones overwintering. The caterpillar is like many others: light green with a thin white dorsal line and small black spots. A bigger white line runs over both sides and the head is yellowish green. The larva reaches a length of some 22 to 25mm and is found on hop exclusively.

The Buttoned Snout is flying about from mid-August to October and from March to June. From November to February it will be overwintering in a sheltered place. This may be a hollow tree, cave, bunker, shed, house or garage. So the Buttoned Snout is found indoors regularly. It only flies by night, but is seen in dusk in autumn visiting ivy blossom. Can be caught to be photographed easily and may even be handled. Uncommon on places covered with hop in Southern and Central England. rare in Southern Wales, not found in Scotland and Ireland. On the continent a rather uncommon and often very local species too.

​

 

[afsoon6282]

Fan-foot Zanclognatha tarsipennalis

Fan-foot Zanclognatha tarsipennalis

Fan-foot Zanclognatha tarsipennalis


The Fan-foot is just one of the many Fan-feet and Snouts. And all Fan-feet and Snouts are weird creatures, for they are rather small and don't look like Owlet Moths at all. The snout seems to suggest a Snout Moth. The broad wings, which are kept parallel seem to point out one of the Geometer Moths, though. All Fan-feet and allies are rather similar. Why they are called Fan-feet in common English can be seen in the top picture: the leg has been provided with a big fan! The easiest way of telling the members of this group apart is by looking at the lines in the wings, of which there are usually three. In case of the Fan-foot the upper line has a small dench in the beginning, but then runs straight. The middle line winds at the start, followed by a very faint curve. The lower line is bold, but runs almost straight from one edge of the wing to the other. The Jubilee Fan-foot has a small but clear indentation in the upper line near the edge of the wing. In the middle line the winding is much stronger, but the curve is absent, or almost absent. The lower line runs much more upwards. The Shaded Fan-foot has a smear (the 'shade') between the upper and middle lines. Besides it doesn't have dots along the fringe, but a complete line. The Small Fan-foot has both the upper and the lower line bold. Besides the lower line starts in the tip of the wing. In all other Fan-feet this line starts higher up on the wing. The Clay Fan-foot has two lines only. In the other lined Fan-Feet, such as the Plumed Fan-foot, the Dusky Fan-foot, the Common Fan-foot and the Olive Crescent the lower line is yellow, not dark brown. The wing span of the Fan-foot is some 30 to 35mm.

The eggs are being laid from June. After hatching the larvae feed on withered and fallen leaves of the food plants. In autumn they spin a cocoon among the leaf litter in which the caterpillar overwinters. In spring without ever leaving the cocoon they pupate. The caterpillars are brown or greyish brown and have a very faint dorsal line. More striking are the spiracula, which are black surrounded by a light circle. The head is dark brown with lighter markings. The caterpillars grow to a length of 17 to 20mm only. They feed on the withered leaves of beech, oak and bramble.

The Fan-foot is on the wing from June to early August. In southern parts of England also seen flying about in very small numbers from late August to October. These are probably animals of a small second generation. The animal rests in low vegetation by day, but is very easily disturbed. Starts flying in dusk and is then seen visiting flowers, including those in gardens. Comes to both light and sugar, but in small numbers only. Hard to take pictures of, for it will use every possibility to fly away. Common and widespread in Southern parts of Britain. In Central Britain, including Ireland and the southern part of Scotland a local species only, getting scarcer going northwards. Not found north of Southern Scotland.

​

 

[afsoon6282]

Shaded Fan-foot Herminia tarsicrinalis

Shaded Fan-foot Herminia tarsicrinalis

Shaded Fan-foot Herminia tarsicrinalis

The Shaded Fan-foot is just one of the many Fan-feet and Snouts. And all Fan-feet and Snouts are weird creatures, for they are small and don't look like Owlet Moths at all. The snout seems to suggest a Snout Moth. The broad wings, which are kept parallel seem to point out one of the Geometer Moths, though. All Fan-feet and allies are rather similar. The easiest way of telling them apart is by looking at the lines in the wings, of which there are usually three. The Shaded Fan-foot is easily identified. The top line runs straight, except for an angle at the upperside of the wing. This line is followed by a broad dark smear: the shade from which the animal's common name was derived. This shade is not found in any other species of Fan-feet and Snouts. The colour is brownish, reddish brown or greyish brown. The wingspan is some 28 to 32mm only.

The first caterpillars of the Shaded Fan-foot are seen in July. They do not eat fresh leaves, but concentrate on withered leaves of the foodplant. They feed during the night and hide between the leaf litter during the day. In oktober the full-grown larva spins a cocoon between the fallen leaves and overwinters in it. Pupation takes place next spring within the same cocoon. The caterpillars are difficult to identify as they have hardly any specific characteristics. They are greyish brown and have a dark brown head with some lighter markings. There is a vague, dark dorsal line. The spiracula are black with a thin white ring around them. They grow to be some 17 to 20mm long. The larvae are fond of withered and fallen leaves of brambles. They will eat other leaflitter as well, especially leaves of oak and beech. When leaflitter is not available fresh leaves of low growing plants are eaten, such as the leaves of Dandelion.

The Shaded Fan-foot is single brooded and on the wing in June and July mainly. In southern parts of the continent this species is double-brooded. In spite of the climate change and some hot summers, this phenomenon has not been seen in Britain yet. The moths fly by night only and remain close to the foodplants. They are attracted to light, but not to sugar. Not the easiest of all photographer's models, as it has a tendency to take off all the time. A local species in Britain, found mainly in Suffolk, Norfolk and Es***. On the continent a common species wherever brambles grow.

​

 

[afsoon6282]

Small Fan-foot Herminia grisealis

Small Fan-foot Herminia grisealis

Small Fan-foot Herminia grisealis


Of all Fan-feet the Small Fan-foot is the easiest to identify. It is the smallest, as indicated by the name. But the following combination of clues make it very unmistakable. The top line is clear, rather bald and runs straight. The lower line is bald as well and starts in the tip of the wings. The ground colour is greyish brown. And it is quite a small moth, reaching a wingspan of 24 to 28mm.

Even though the eggs are being deposited from June onnwards, the first caterpillars do not appear before July. The caterpillars are somewhat special, for they do not only eat living leaves, but dead ones as well. They are capable of completing their development on the leaves of a broken twig or in leaf litter. In October they make a cocoon to pupate in. The cocoon is made in the crevice of the bark of the foodplant, under loose bark or among the fallen leaves on the ground. The pupa overwinters. The caterpillar of the Small Foot-fan is brownish or reddish brown. It has a distinct, rather broad dorsal line. This line is striking, for it does not begin right behind the head, but rather on the third or fourth segment. The head is greyish brown. The caterpillar reaches a length of 13 to 18mm. A lot of trees and shrubs are used to feed on such as birch, alder, haythorn and Old Man's Beard. The most populair foodplants apparently are oak, beech and bramble.

The Small Fan-foot is on the wing from June to August. Has a second generation in neighbouring countries on the continent. The animal is easily disturbed during daylight and starts it's nightly activities in early dusk. Is attracted to light and sugar, but not in great numbers. Inhabitant of woods, bushy places, parks and often gardens. The Small Fan-foot is a common species in Southern England. Fairly common in other parts of England, Wales and Ireland. A scarce and local species in some of Scotland. The most northern parts of Scotland where the Small Fan-foot has been seen apparently is Ross-shire. A very common species on most of the continent as well.

​

 

[afsoon6282]

Geometer Worms (Geometridae)

Geometer Worms (Geometridae)

Geometer Worms (Geometridae)

Some families of moths are not named after their imago (=the adults that can fly), but after their caterpillars. Moths and butterflies go through the full circle of insectlife: egg, caterpillar, pupa and imago. Eggs and pupae are not very exciting to look at and are therefore not really used to name the animals. Caterpillars and imagos move about and have thus always interested mankind. Some moths are named after their caterpillars, especially because these are even more interesting than the adults. This certainly applies to the Geometer Worms: they can erect themselves to look just like a twig. And when they move they bring the back of the body towards the front, forming a kind of curl. Then they lift the front up to the position that they form one straight line. There are plenty of them in almost all gardens, but many are small and very hard to detect. In this family of moths we find a few species that fly in late fall and, providing it doesn't get too cold, even in winter.


​

 

[afsoon6282]

March Moth Alsophila aescularia

March Moth Alsophila aescularia

March Moth Alsophila aescularia

You can't easily misidentify the March Moth for any other species, but the problem is it doesn't look like a Geometer Worm. Seeing it, it may be looked upon as an overgrown moth. You can tell it is a Geometer by looking at the caterpillar, but usually one isn't at hand. The basic colour of the front wings is silvery grey, but depending on the light it is brownish grey at times. The legs are the same colour but are ringed. Those rings are usually quite white. The antennae look like an eel's spines. The males have a wingspan of 34 to 38 mm, but look smaller the way they usually sit. The females are completely wingless and compared to other wingless females they have a rather short, fat body. At the tale's end there is a tuft of hairs.

There is one generation only, flying about in February, March and April. The flying times are depending on the winter actually. In a cold, harsh winter the first specimens may appear by mid-March, but in very mild winters they may appear as early as January. Going southwards in Europe, they'll fly earlier though. The white eggs are deposited on twigs near developing leaves. They are deposited like a bracelet around the twig and the female covers each egg with some hairs, she pulls out of herself. The eggs hatch quite quickly and we'll see the caterpillars from the beginning of May. The larvae are light green. On top runs a dark green stripe and on the sides run a few whitish or yellowish lines. The caterpillars are very special indeed, for they have the remains of belly legs (the unreal legs seen in larvae of butterflies, moths and saw flies). Those are on the 8th segment only, but are rarely seen in other Geometers. The caterpillar will reach some 28 mm, but may grow a little bigger on the continent. It can be found on numerous shrubs and trees, including apple, plumb, cherry, birch, oak and many others. The March Moth overwinters as a pupa spun in a cocoon.

Of all spring species, by which we mean species that come out of the pupa in spring, this is one of the ealiest. A very common species, sometimes even abundant, in most of England and Wales. In Scotland, Ireland and even the Inner Hebrides this is a very common animal as well. Also in other parts of Europe this is a very common species, quite often even an abundant one. The males are attracted to lights regularly, but the females are extremely hard to find.

​

 

[afsoon6282]

Blotched Emerald Comibaena bajularia

Blotched Emerald Comibaena bajularia

Blotched Emerald Comibaena bajularia

The Blotched Emerald is among the most beautiful in our area. There are more green geometers, but this is the only one showing creamish blotches near the hind edge of both wings. Thus it is easy to indentify it, for there is no other species like it. Because of the bright colours this species is sometimes wrongly indentified as a butterfly. In old specimens the green colour is occasionally faded into pinkish or buffish white. The Blotched Emerald is extremely difficult to discover hiding among the leaves of trees, for it looks like an infested leaf very much. It is a rather small species, reaching a wingspan of some 29 to 33 mm only.

The Blotched Emerald flies about for a relatively short period only and is usually merely seen in June and July, especially in the UK. On the continent it sometimes flies till the end of August. The eggs don't hatch quickly after being laid. Only in September the first larvae appear. The caterpillars are also extremely difficult to discover. They cover themselves with pieces of leaves and other debris, looking like a very small pile of plant junk. It is only when this pile suddenly starts moving they catch the eye. The caterpillars themselves are brown with yellowish lines on the sides interrupted by reddish brown or black blotches. Furthermore there are a few white bumps to which the debris is spun. After having themselves camouflaged this way, the young larvae go into a long hibernation, only to wake in early May. After a few weeks the caterpillar spins together a few leaves, makes a flimsy kind of cocoon and pupates. The larvae are only found on oak.

The Blotched Emerald is a local species, but where present it may appear in great numbers. In the UK only found in the south, especially southern Engeland, where sometimes abundant. Scattered northwards to Yorkshire and eastern Wales. Not found in Scotland and Ireland. On the continent also found locally. Not a northern species, though. The males are easily attracted to light, sometimes in great numbers. Females are rarely seen in moths traps.

​

 

[afsoon6282]

Common Emerald Hemithea aestivaria

Common Emerald Hemithea aestivaria

Common Emerald Hemithea aestivaria

A strikingly green and very beautiful Geometer. You'll notice immediately the chequered fringes and the two-coloured body: green at first, then abruptly becoming brownish red. The only species that does look like it is the Sus*** Emerald, which has two points on each hindwing, where the Common Emerald has just one. The body of the Sus*** Emerald is entirely green. Even though worn animals have a lighter green colour, the Common Emerald doesn't fade to yellow or white, like so many other green Geometers do. The animal isn't very big, reaching a wingspan of some 29 to 34 mm.

The eggs hatch late in summer. The caterpillars do not grow very fast. They are bright green usually, having reddish brown V-shaped markings on the back. There are however brownish animals as well. These also have V-shaped markings on the back, but in white. Sometimes there is a blackish dorsal line. On both the head and the thorax are small bumps. The head is brownish and deeply cleft. The larvae eat at night and rest in the typical Geometer position at day: imitating a small twig. The half grown caterpillar overwinters. After having completed their development in spring they spin together a few leaves in which they make a cocoon and in it they pupate. The larvae reach a length of some 23 mm and are highly polyphagous. They can be found on a great number of trees, shrubs and even lower plants.

The Common Emerald has just one generation. It is on the wing in June and July in Southern England, but in July only going northwards. It flies by night only, often seen visiting flowers in gardens, even in city centers. It is attracted to light, but in very small numbers only. Hard to find resting during the day between foliage, but easy to spot when resting on walls or fences. Abundant in the south of England, getting scarcer northwards. In Scotland very rarely seen and in the south only. A very common species on the continent, but rare or lacking in most of Scandinavia and other northern parts.

​